The Effect of Learing Styles With Young Learners Research Paper

The Effect of Learing Styles With Young Learners - Research Paper Example This paper stresses that traditional methods of teaching never addressed the needs of each and every people in the class. The teacher often adopts a common strategy for everyone irrespective of whether the student is brilliant or not. The teacher never bothered about teaching individually. In the traditional methods of teaching, punishments were implemented as part of motivating the students. Traditional methods never focused in developing the skills of the students. It focused simply in injecting volumes of content into the minds of the students. In other words, traditional methods emphasized more on knowledge and understanding while avoiding the needs of application and the skill development. As per the current learning concepts, the curriculum is revolving around the student rather than the teacher. The needs of the students have given more priority in the current classroom teaching methods. Based on these changing concepts of learning, the learning styles were given more importan ce in the present curriculum. This report makes a conclusion that learning styles have an important role in helping the student for proper learning. Different students may have different learning styles because of their individual differences due to heredity and environment. Instead of avoiding passive students, the teachers should try to understand the learning styles of each student and in order to teach them effectively and to make them active in the classroom. The teacher should adopt audio, video mediums along with kinesthetic and tactile mediums for making the learning meaningful. Meta cognitive system is more dominant compared to the cognitive system in the learning process and the teacher must realize it in order to devise effective teaching strategies.

Binge eating disorder Essay Example for Free

Binge eating disorder Essay Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating not accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behaviors. Although it is not yet officially recognized, it was included in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a disorder to be studied, with research criteria included. It is also slated to be included in the next DSM as one of the officially recognized eating disorders. There have been several treatment modalities employed in its treatment: pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and a combination of the two. Being a â€Å"young† disorder, BED still needs future research to show which modality treats it best in the long run. Approaches to Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder What Is BED? How Is It Different From Bulimia Nervosa? Binge eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating not accompanied by inappropriate compensatory behaviors (Sadock Sadock, 2003). Although binge eating, by itself, is more commonly associated with bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder is recognized as a separate entity. Unlike BED, bulimia nervosa involves excessive concern with body shape and weight, and bulimics often have a â€Å"self-perception of being too fat, with an intrusive dread of fatness† (World Health Organization [WHO], 1993). Moreover, the absence of compensatory behaviors further distinguishes BED from the non-purging type of bulimia nervosa, which is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-IV, as when the individual â€Å"has used other inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as fasting or excessive exercise, but has not regularly engaged in self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas† (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). Diagnosis of Binge Eating Disorder Although binge eating disorder still has to gain official recognition, the Text Revision of DSM-IV (APA, 2000) lays down the following â€Å"research criteria† for diagnosing the disorder: A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: (1) eating, in a discrete period of time (e. g. , within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances (2) the sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e. g. , a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating) B. Binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following: (1) eating much more rapidly than normal (2) eating until feeling uncomfortably full (3) eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry (4) eating alone because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating (5) feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after overeating C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present. D. The binge eating occurs, on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. E. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e. g. , purging, fasting, excessive exercise, etc. ) and does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Several issues have been raised regarding the criteria mentioned above. For example, one question raised by some experts in the field is that there is no definite way to assess just how much food constitutes â€Å"an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances. † Fulfilling these criteria would at best be a subjective process. While the DSM-IV criteria for BED is usually applied to adults, Marcus and Kalarchian (2003) have proposed a separate set of provisional research criteria for diagnosing BED in children. These are: A. Recurrent episodes of being eating. An episode of binge eating is characterized by both of the following: (1) food seeking in absence of hunger (e. g. after a full meal) (2) a sense of lack of control over eating (e. g. , endorse that ‘‘When I start to eat, I just can’t stop’’) B. Binge episodes are associated with one or more of the following: (1) food seeking in response to negative affect (e. g. , sadness, boredom, restlessness) (2) food seeking as a reward (3) sneaking or hiding food C. Symptoms persist over a period of 3 months. D. Eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e. g. , purging, fasting, excessive exercise) and does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Some of the questionnaires used to diagnose binge eating disorder are: the Binge Eating Scale (BES), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, the Body Shape Questionnaire, the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnosis of DSM Disorders (SCID), and the Eating Disorders Examination (EDE). The Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder Overview In the management of BED, the primary goal is to achieve abstinence from binge eating (Bulik, Brownley Shapiro, 2007). However, studies have shown that BED has comorbid conditions that require as much attention, such as depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks and even attempts at suicide (Grucza, Przybeck Cloninger, 2007). Furthermore, since patients diagnosed with BED do not usually engage in inappropriate compensatory behaviors, they are usually obese as well, a condition that sometimes causes more concern in professionals caring for BED patients because of its health implications. Because of the different aspects of this disorder, different treatment modalities are being used, with some experts favoring one and others favoring another. Pharmacotherapy Medications used to treat binge eating disorder include appetite suppressants, anticonvulsants, selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants. These have been studied in double-blind placebo-controlled trials, and the results, though modest, have been promising (Appolinario McElroy, 2004). Appetite suppressants. According to Appolinario, Bacaltchuk, Sichieri, Claudino, Godoy-Matos, Morgan, Zanella Coutinho (2003), fenfluramine hydrochloride was the first antiobesity agent shown to be effective in treating binge eating disorder. However, this drug has been withdrawn from the market because of intolerable side effects. Currently, the anti-obesity agent that seems to be the most studied in the treatment of BED is sibutramine. Sibutramine is a drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and, to some extent, dopamine. A study by Appolinario et al. (2003) showed that patients taking sibutramine, as opposed to those given a placebo pill, experienced a significant reduction in the number of days with binge episodes. Whereas those in the placebo group actually gained some weight, the patients given sibutramine lost an average of 7. 4 kg. The study participants were asked to fill out the Binge Eating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory before and after their treatment program, and the sibutramine group had significantly lower scores after treatment. The study cites dry mouth and constipation as the adverse reactions commonly encountered by those taking sibutramine. The authors concluded that sibutramine is effective and well tolerated for treating obese BED patients. Another study supporting the use of sibutramine in BED was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in January 2008. Wilfley, Crow, Hudson, Mitchell, Berkowitz, Blakesley, Walsh, and the Sibutramine Binge Eating Disorder Research Group (2008) found that patients taking sibutramine (15 mg daily for 24 weeks) were able to significantly reduce the following measures: weekly binge frequency, weight (mean of 4. 3 kg), frequency of binge days, body mass index, and eating pathology, such as cognitive restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Moreover, these patients also experienced global improvement and had a greater percentage of abstinence from binge eating (58. 7%, compared with the 42. 8% of the placebo group). Anticonvulsants. In the February 2003 edition of the American Journal of Psychiatry, McElroy, Arnold, Shapira, Keck, Rosenthal, Karim, Kamin Hudson (2003) reported that 30 patients with binge eating disorder randomly assigned to receive a flexible dose (25 to 600 mg per day) of the anticonvulsant drug topiramate had a significantly greater rate of reduction in binge frequency, binge day frequency, weight (mean loss of 5. 9 kg), and body mass index. They also had lower scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, which was modified for binge eating, and on the Clinical Global Impression severity scale. However, six patients receiving topiramate were unable to continue participating in the study because of adverse events, mostly headaches and paresthesias. The researchers concluded that topiramate was useful for the short-term treatment of BED. The journal Biological Psychiatry also published a study by McElroy, Hudson, Capece, Beyers, Fisher, Rosenthal, and the Topiramate Binge Eating Disorder Research Group (2007), which showed that 195 patients taking topiramate were able to reduce binge eating days per week, binge episodes per week, weight (mean loss of 4. 5 kg), and body mass index compared with those assigned to take placebo. Thirty percent of those taking topiramate left the study, mostly due to adverse effects such as paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, somnolence and nausea. However, thirty percent of those taking the placebo pill also were not able to continue with the program. Despite the adverse events reported, the authors concluded that topiramate is well tolerated and was efficacious in treating BED and its features, particularly obesity. Another antiepileptic drug that was evaluated for efficacy in the treatment of binge eating disorder is zonisamide. McElroy, Kotwal, Guerdjikova, Welge, Nelson, Lake, D’Alessio, Keck Hudson (2006) reported in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry that thirty patients given zonisamide (100 to 600 mg per day for 16 weeks) had a reduction in the frequency of their binge eating episodes, body weight, body mass index, and scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Binge Eating and the Clinical Global Impressions Severity Scale. Eight of the patients receiving zonisamide discontinued treatment because of accidental injury with bone fracture, psychological complaints and cognitive complaints. In conclusion, the researchers noted that zonisamide was efficacious in treatment of BED with obesity but that it was not well tolerated. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have been shown to have beneficial effects in the management of binge eating disorder. Among the earliest SSRI’s shown to be useful in BED treatment was fluvoxamine. Hudson, McElroy, Raymond, Crow, Keck, Carter, Mitchell, Strakowski, Pope, Coleman Jonas (1998) reported that forty-two patients who received a flexible dose of fluvoxamine (50 to 300 mg) for 9 weeks had a significantly greater decrease in the frequency of binges and in body mass index. Furthermore, these patients given fluvoxamine achieved a greater reduction in Clinical Global Impression severity score and a greater rate of increase in Clinical Global Impression improvement scores. However, fluvoxamine did not have a significant effect on the participants’ Hamilton depression scale scores, and the proportion of patients who dropped out of the study because of adverse effects came from the fluvoxamine group. Furthermore, another study done 5 years later on a different, smaller set of patients showed that there was a reduction in binge frequency, eating concern, shape concern and weight concern in both the group receiving fluvoxamine and the group receiving placebo (Pearlstein, Spurell, Hohlstein, Gurney, Read, Fuchs Keller, 2003). The authors say this is just an example of the â€Å"inconsistent results of antidepressant studies in binge eating disorder† (Pearlstein et al. , 2003). Another SSRI shows greater promise. McElroy, Hudson, Malhotra, Welge, Nelson Keck (2003) conducted a 6-week, double-blind, flexible-dose (20 to 60 mg per day) study on the efficacy of citalopram in reducing the frequency of binge eating episodes. They reported that the 19 patients receiving citalopram, compared with those receiving placebo, had a significantly greater rate of reduction in the frequency of binge eating episodes, frequency of binge days, weight, body mass index and severity of illness. In addition, citalopram was said to be well tolerated by the participants of the study. A head-to-head comparison of two SSRI’s – sertraline and fluoxetine – was conducted by Leombruni, Piero, Lavagnino, Brustolin, Campisi Fassino (2008) and published in the journal Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. Twenty-two participants were given 100 to 200 mg of sertraline daily, while twenty were given 40 to 80 mg of fluoxetine per day. After 8 weeks, participants from both groups had significant weight loss and their scores in the Binge Eating Scale improved. There was no significant difference found between the two drugs, and the researchers concluded that both SSRI’s are effective options in treating patients with BED. A drug that inhibits both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake was studied by Noma, Uwatoko, Yamamoto Hayashi (2008). Although the trial did not focus exclusively on individuals with binge eating disorder but consisted of 25 binge eaters, some of whom were diagnosed with anorexia or bulimia nervosa. These patients received the drug milnacipran for 8 weeks and were found to have improved scores in relation to their drive for binge eating and regret for the same. Milnacipran was noted to be more effective in patients without purging. Venlafaxine, another medication that inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, was mentioned by Appolinario et al. (2003) as effective in BED therapy. McElroy, Guerdjikova, Kotwal, Welge, Nelson, Lake, Keck Hudson (2007) examined the effects of atomoxetine, a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on BED. Twenty patients who received the drug had a significant decrease in binge-eating episode frequency, binge day frequency, weight, and body mass index. Their scores on the Clinical Global Impressions Severity of Illness scale, the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Binge Eating obsession subscale, and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire hunger subscale improved as well. However, three of the patients receiving atomoxetine asked to discontinue their treatment because of increased depressive symptoms, constipation or nervousness. Tricyclic antidepressants. Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007), in a review of the diagnosis and management of binge eating disorder, also mentions imipramine as one of the drugs that were shown in trials to be effective in the treatment of BED. Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that is used mainly for the treatment of depression and enuresis. A drug from the same family, desipramine, was also mentioned as having beneficial effects in BED. There have indeed been many drugs explored by research for the treatment of binge eating disorder. However, while a lot of studies show that they do have a beneficial effect on patients with BED, particularly with regards to a reduction in binge frequency and weight, the results are somewhat modest. In addition, there have been no long-term studies tracking the efficacy of these drugs as yet. And then, of course, there is the concern that many of those individuals taking these drugs might give them up due to the adverse effects they cause. More importantly, the drugs do not address the underlying cause of binge eating, the psychopathology in individuals that lead them to take in large amounts of food despite the knowledge that doing so could harm them physically and socially. Thus, while many experts in the field would agree that medications help to curb the comorbidities of BED, they still encourage the use of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Cognitive behavioral therapy. The behavioral therapeutic approach to binge eating disorder that is probably the most tested is cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT (Bulik, Brownley Shapiro, 2007). As the name implies, the theory behind this practice is the cognitive behavioral model of binge eating, which â€Å"postulates that binge eating develops in response to restrictive food intake and occurs in the context of ongoing dietary restraint and the experience of negative emotions† (Levine Marcus, 2003). In short, inaccurate thoughts and beliefs – for example, those about body shape and weight – lead to inappropriate eating behavior. CBT helps patients identify these binge-triggering thoughts and modify them so as to accomplish binge abstinence. According to Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007), cognitive behavioral therapy has been reported by several studies to be effective in reducing â€Å"binge frequency, related psychological aspects of binge eating (restraint, disinhibition, and hunger), depressed mood, and ratings of illness severity in individuals with BED. † Levine Marcus (2003) note that, while cognitive behavioral therapy has been traditionally used in the management of individuals with bulimia nervosa, the technique has been modified to accommodate the differences between bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. For example, unlike people with bulimia nervosa, those with binge eating disorder tend to be obese, so CBT can directly target cognitions about having a large body size. They explain, â€Å"Overweight individuals with BED may be helped to accept their body size and to restructure maladaptive thoughts about the amount of weight loss they are likely to achieve. That is, although modest weight loss may relate to improvements in binge eating, for most BED patients this decrease may not correspond with their desired weight loss. It is therefore important that cognitions about acceptable body sizes be targeted during treatment. † Interpersonal psychotherapy. Another type of therapy that has found success in patients with bulimia nervosa and has since been also applied to people with binge eating disorder is interpersonal psychotherapy, or IPT. While CBT focuses on the thoughts that trigger eating binges, interpersonal psychotherapy operates on the theory that binge eating stems from the internal milieu created by specific social and interpersonal problems. Thus, it â€Å"focuses on identifying and addressing specific, problematic interpersonal patterns, in an effort to ameliorate dysfunctional eating behaviors† (Levine Marcus, 2003). As with CBT, IPT is focused, structured and time-limited. However, it does not address the patient’s beliefs about eating, weight and shape and, unlike CBT, does not directly target eating behaviors. In the Archives of General Psychiatry, Wilfley, Welch, Stein, Spurrell, Cohen, Saelens, Dounchis, Frank, Wiseman Matt (2002) report on a comparative study that they conducted between CBT and IPT. Both were done in a group setting, and the participants in each group went through 20 weekly sessions of therapy. Results showed that â€Å"binge-eating recovery rates† were similar for both CBT and IPT immediately after treatment. They further conducted follow-up on each participant and noted that, while, there was a slight increase in binge eating when the treatment ended, the frequency of such binges remained significantly lower than the frequency prior to initiation of either CBT or IPT. In addition, the researchers reported significant reductions in psychiatric symptoms, and these were maintained through follow-up. They noted that, while dietary restraint decreased more quickly in patients who underwent CBT, a similar level of dietary restraint was accomplished by those who underwent IPT by the time of follow-up. The participants’ weight decreased only slightly, but significantly, and the authors then concluded that group IPT is a reasonable alternative to group CBT for dealing with overweight BED patients. Dialectical behavior therapy. Another type of therapy used for the treatment of BED is dialectical behavior therapy, or DBT. This is described by Levine Marcus (2003) as â€Å"a comprehensive treatment program based on cognitive and behavioral principles and complemented by the use of acceptance-based strategies derived primarily from Zen Buddhism. † Patients undergo a weekly individual outpatient therapy and, at the same time, a weekly group skills therapy that has the goal of increasing behavioral skills that can help them deal with binge eating. According to Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007), dialectical behavior therapy â€Å"fosters the development of skills in the domains of mindfulness, emotion regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, and distress tolerance. † Although it is still considered an â€Å"alternative† form of behavior therapy, there have been studies showing that DBT has led to a greater reduction in binge days, binge episodes, and concerns with weight, shape and eating. Other behavioral therapies. Aside from cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy and dialectical behavior therapy, Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007) mention self-help, exercise and virtual reality therapy as treatment modalities that have been tried in patients with BED. Self-help interventions are delivered in various formats, and may be done with or without structure, and with out without the aid of a facilitator or a therapist. It has been shown by some studies to result in greater reductions in the mean number of binge days and in the clinical severity of BED. Abstinence and cessation rates were also reported to be improved with self-help, but weight loss was not significantly achieved. Medications and Psychotherapy: Combined and Compared Several studies have explored the option of combining pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy. Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007) discuss the results of these studies. For example, a trial compared fluoxetine alone with CBT alone and fluoxetine plus CBT. The authors of that trial reported that CBT plus fluoxetine, and CBT alone, were more effective than fluoxetine alone in reducing the frequency of binges, concerns with eating and body shape, disinhibition and depression. Another comparison discussed in the same paper compared desipramine alone, weight loss therapy, and CBT. Bulik, Brownley Shapiro (2007) relate: â€Å"Binge eating was significantly reduced after 12 weeks in both groups receiving CBT; however, this effect did not persist at 36 weeks of treatment. Average weight loss was greatest in the weight loss therapy group in the early stages of treatment, but over time (i. e. , at 3-month follow-up) the group receiving desipramine lost the most weight. Desipramine showed no clear advantage in reducing symptoms of depression. † Claudino, de Oliveira, Appolinario, Cordas, Duchesne, Sichieri Bacaltchuk (2007) compared topiramate alone with CBT plus topiramate and concluded that â€Å"topiramate added to CBT improved the efficacy of the later, increasing binge remission and weight loss in the short run. Topiramate was well tolerated, as shown by few adverse events during treatment. † Finally, Molinari, Baruffi, Croci, Marchi Petroni (2005) conducted a comparison of CBT alone, fluoxetine alone, and CBT plus fluoxetine. Results showed that â€Å"the two groups which underwent psychotherapy resulted in a better outcome in terms of number of bingeing episodes, maintenance of weight loss reduction from baseline and psychological well being than the group treated with pharmacological therapy alone. † The authors concluded that the results of their study highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to binge eating disorder. However, as with pharmacotherapy alone and with psychotherapy alone, the long-term efficacy of a combined drugs-and-talk approach to binge eating disorder still has to be proven by future studies. Practical Advice To Tell Patients Empowering patients to take control of their disorder is also important. Smith, Barston, Segal Segal (2008) offer the following tips that concerned eating disorder professionals can give their patients: †¢ Eat breakfast. Skipping breakfast often leads to overeating later in the day, so start your day right with a healthy meal. Eating breakfast also jump starts your metabolism in the morning. Studies show that people who eat breakfast are thinner than those who don’t. †¢ Avoid temptation. You’re much more likely to overeat if you have junk food, desserts, and unhealthy snacks in the house. Remove the temptation by clearing your fridge and cupboards of your favorite binge foods. †¢ Stop dieting. The deprivation and hunger of strict dieting can trigger food cravings and the urge to overeat. Instead of dieting, focus on eating in moderation. Find nutritious foods that you enjoy and avoid labeling foods as â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad. † †¢ Exercise. Not only will exercise help you lost weight in a healthy way, but it also lifts depression, improves overall health, and reduces stress. The natural mood-boosting effects of exercise can help put a stop to emotional eating. †¢ Destress. Learn how to cope with stress in healthy ways that don’t involve food. Conclusion Binge eating disorder is still relatively â€Å"young. † With its anticipated inclusion in the next edition of the DSM, a lot of studies have turned their attention to this eating disorder that has only been recognized as an entity separate from the other eating disorder in the last decade. Hopefully, these studies, and the ones still to be conducted, will provide a sound basis for how best to approach binge eating disorder. More importantly, only future research can tell which treatment modalities really work best in the long term. In the meantime, patients with binge eating disorder need help in the here and now. References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. Text rev. ) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Sadock, B. J. , Sadock, V. A. (2003). Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences / Clinical Psychiatry (9th ed. ). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva: World Health Organization. Marcus, M. D. Kalarchian, M. A. (2003). Binge eating in children and adolescents. Int J Eat Disord, 34(Suppl), S47–S57. Retrieved from PubMed database. Bulik, C. M. , Brownley, K. A. , Shapiro, J. R. (2007). Diagnosis and management of binge eating disorder. World Psychiatry, 6(3), 142-148. Grucza, R. A. , Przybeck, T. R. Cloninger, C. R. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(2), 124-131. Appolinario, J. C. McElroy, S. L. (2004). Pharmacological approaches in the treatment of binge eating disorder. Current Drug Targets, 5(3), 301-307. Appolinario, J. C. , Bacaltchuk, J. , Sichieri, R. , Claudino, A. M. , Godoy-Matos, A. , Morgan, C. , Zanella, M. T. Coutinho, W. (2003). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of sibutramine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 1109-1116. Wilfley, D. E. , Crow, S. J. , Hudson, J. I. , Mitchell, J. E. , Berkowitz, R. I. , Blakesley, V. , Walsh, B. T. , the Sibutramine Binge Eating Disorder Research Group. (2008). Efficacy of sibutramine for the treatment of binge eating disorder: a randomized multicenter placebo- controlled double-blind study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(1), 51-58. McElroy, S. L. , Arnold, L. M. , Shapira, N. A. , Keck, P. E. Jr. , Rosenthal, N. R. , Karim, M. R. , Kamin, M. Hudson, J. I. (2003). Topiramate in the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2), 255-261. McElroy, S. L. , Hudson, J. I. , Capece, J. A. , Beyers, K. , Fisher, A. C. , Rosenthal, N. R. the Topiramate Binge Eating Disorder Research Group. (2007). Topiramate for the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a placebo-controlled study. Biological Psychiatry, 61(9), 1039-1048. McElroy, S. L. , Kotwal, R. , Guerdjikova, A. I. , Welge, J. A. , Nelson, E. B. , Lake, K. A. , D’Alessio, D. A. , Keck, P. E. , Hudson, J. I. (2006). Zonisamide in the treatment of binge eating disorder with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(12), 1897-1906. Hudson, J. I. , McElroy, S. L. , Raymond, N. C. , Crow, S. , Keck, P. E. Jr. , Carter, W. P. , Mitchell, J. E. , Strakowski, S. M. , Pope, H. G. Jr. , Coleman, B. S. Jonas, J. M. (1998). Fluvoxamine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a multicenter placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(12), 1756-1762. Pearlstein, T. , Spurell, E. , Hohlstein, L. A. , Gurney, V. , Read, J. , Fuchs, C. Keller, M. B. (2003). A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluvoxamine in binge eating disorder: a high placebo response. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6(2), 147-151. McElroy, S. L. , Hudson, J. I. , Malhotra, S. , Welge, J. A. , Nelson, E. B. Keck, P. E. Jr. (2003). Citalopram in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(7), 807-813. Leombruni, P. , Piero, A. , Lavagnino, L. , Brustolin, A. , Campisi, S. Fassino, S. (2008). A randomized, double-blind trial comparing sertraline and fluoxetine 6-month treatment in obese patients with binge eating disorder. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32(6), 1599-1605. Noma, S. , Uwatoko, T. , Yamamoto, H. Hayashi, T. (2008). Effects of milnacipran on binge eating – a pilot study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (4)1, 295-300. McElroy, S. L. , Guerdjikova, A. , Kotwal, R. , Welge, J. A. , Nelson, E. B. , Lake, K. A. , Keck, P. E. Jr. Hudson, J. I. (2007). Atomoxetine in the treatment of binge-eating disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(3), 390-398. Levine, M. D. Marcus, M. D. (2003). Psychosocial treatment of binge eating disorder: An update. Eating Disorders Review, 14(4). Retrieved from http://www. gurze. net/site12_5_00/newsletter16. htm. Wilfley, D. E. , Welch, R. R. , Stein, R. I. , Spurrell, E. B. , Cohen, L. R. , Saelens, B. E. , Dounchis, J. Z. , Frank, M. A. , Wiseman, C. V. Matt, G. E. (2002). A randomized comparison of group cognitive-behavioral therapy and group interpersonal psychotherapy for the treatment of overweight individuals with binge-eating disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 713-721. Claudino, A. M. , de Oliveira, I. R. , Appolinario, J. C. , Cordas, T. A. , Duchesne, M. , Sichieri, R. Bacaltchuk, J. (2007). Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate plus cgnitive-behavior therapy in binge-eating disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(9), 1324-1332. Molinari, E. , Bariffu, M. , Croci, M. , Marchi, S. Petroni, M. L (2005). Bingea eating disorder in obesity: comparison of different therapeutic strategies. Eating and Weight Disorders, 10(3), 154-161. Smith, M. , Barston, S. , Segal, R. Segal, J. (2008). Binge eating disorder: Symptoms, causes, treatment, and help. Retrieved from http://www. helpguide. org/mental/binge_eating_disorder. htm.

Global Warming :: Environment Global Warming Climate Change

Global Warming Mission Plan a. Analysis of the Problem 1. History of the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some scientist's have been concerned since 1896 about what might happen if there were 5.5 billion tons carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. In 1961 a British scientist did an experiment showing that the carbon in the air was absorbing some of the sun's radiation. Afterward a Swedish scientist, Suante Arrhenius, found out if the radiation of the sun was trapped in the carbon dioxide the temperature of the earth would increase by 1-2 degrees. In 1988 James Hanson, a respected scientist, told the U.S. Congress "the greenhouse effect is occurring now and it's changing global climate."(1989 Koral). After the 1900's people started making factories and started using fossil fuels like coal, oil, and aluminum. It was the industrial revolution and overpopulation of humans that was the cause of the environmental problems that we have today. 2. Human Activity Causing the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason our Earth is getting hotter is that human activities are emitting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The radiation from the sun gets trapped in the bag of carbon dioxide that surrounds our earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One main reason for the problem of global warming is the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gases. We use these fuels to run factories, power plants, cars, trucks, buses, air conditioning and etc. The people of the earth are putting 5.5 billion tons of carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide in the air every year! Seventy five percent of this is fossil fuels. 3. Impact Causing Global Change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years, scientists have been predicting that our disregard for Mother Nature would make the climatic temperature of this Earth to increase greatly. There have been arguments that the whole idea of Global Warming is a hoax, that the temperature cycle is just experiencing an upward trend and will eventually come back down. Now, however, we are starting to see the evidence of our behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remember the great heat wave in Chicago? That could have been a consequence of global warming. Nearly a hundred people died, and the city's economy came to a standstill. A much more tragic but less known heat wave smashed into India, causing upward of 600 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global Warming doesn't only increase temperatures in hot areas. It also decreases temperatures in cold areas. An example of this has been the cold spell that struck the midwest. In Montana, temperatures plummeted to 30 degrees below and stayed there. The coldest weather ever recorded plagued our country's heart for over three weeks, and still hasn't returned to normal. Global Warming :: Environment Global Warming Climate Change Global Warming Mission Plan a. Analysis of the Problem 1. History of the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some scientist's have been concerned since 1896 about what might happen if there were 5.5 billion tons carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. In 1961 a British scientist did an experiment showing that the carbon in the air was absorbing some of the sun's radiation. Afterward a Swedish scientist, Suante Arrhenius, found out if the radiation of the sun was trapped in the carbon dioxide the temperature of the earth would increase by 1-2 degrees. In 1988 James Hanson, a respected scientist, told the U.S. Congress "the greenhouse effect is occurring now and it's changing global climate."(1989 Koral). After the 1900's people started making factories and started using fossil fuels like coal, oil, and aluminum. It was the industrial revolution and overpopulation of humans that was the cause of the environmental problems that we have today. 2. Human Activity Causing the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason our Earth is getting hotter is that human activities are emitting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The radiation from the sun gets trapped in the bag of carbon dioxide that surrounds our earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One main reason for the problem of global warming is the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gases. We use these fuels to run factories, power plants, cars, trucks, buses, air conditioning and etc. The people of the earth are putting 5.5 billion tons of carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide in the air every year! Seventy five percent of this is fossil fuels. 3. Impact Causing Global Change   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years, scientists have been predicting that our disregard for Mother Nature would make the climatic temperature of this Earth to increase greatly. There have been arguments that the whole idea of Global Warming is a hoax, that the temperature cycle is just experiencing an upward trend and will eventually come back down. Now, however, we are starting to see the evidence of our behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remember the great heat wave in Chicago? That could have been a consequence of global warming. Nearly a hundred people died, and the city's economy came to a standstill. A much more tragic but less known heat wave smashed into India, causing upward of 600 deaths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Global Warming doesn't only increase temperatures in hot areas. It also decreases temperatures in cold areas. An example of this has been the cold spell that struck the midwest. In Montana, temperatures plummeted to 30 degrees below and stayed there. The coldest weather ever recorded plagued our country's heart for over three weeks, and still hasn't returned to normal.

World War Ii and America

The world’s greatest war, World War II began in 1939 and lasted for almost six years. It was between two military alliances. On the axis powers were Japan, Germany and the Kingdom of Italy. While the allies were lead by United Kingdom, China, Soviet Union and The United States of America. America was not directly involved in the war in the early stages. The necessity increased after the fall of France, the Pearl Harbor incident but mainly when Hitler declared war on U. S. This led to America’s direct involvement in the World War II and helped America to transition from a great power to a super power.World war II started by the deep seated anger in German due to the loss in World War I. Hitler a new leader in Germany transformed it from a defeated state to powerful one with a large army of up to 400,000 men which led to the breaking of the treaty of Versailles (Langley). March 16th 1935 Hitler tore up the treaty of Versailles when he started to build up his army (Nicola Barber) . Although The United States of America had always been an ally in the Second World War its direct involvement did not came after much later. In 1939 its only involvement was to provide arms and ammunition in turn of cash from countries.America was indirectly helping the allies by starving Japan of oil. Winston Churchill repeatedly tried to convince Franklin D. Roosevelt to enter the war but it was after Hitler’s declaration of war, America got directly involved in the war. In 1941 Congress had approved America’s entry into war after which military operations began. Operation Torch on North Africa became US first military operation. German forces surrendered in Tunisia in 1943 and that led to the first US British victory and proved invaluable in changing US public opinion behind the war.The second front for American military action was when Winston Churchill proposed to attack Italy even though there was an urgent need to relieve pressure on Russia from the wes tern front. This attack led to allies invading Italian mainland leading to the capture of Rome. The United States along with other allies continued to attack the Axis powers which led to the retake of Paris in the D-Day Invasion. In the Tokyo Bombing Raids American bombers destroyed up to 250,000 buildings and killed 83,000 in massive fire bombing.It continued to play an important part in the attacks on the Axis Powers, till the end of the war where it dropped two atomic bombs in Japan bringing the war to an end. It is clearly seen by the events of the war that although America was not involved directly at first in the war it played a pivotal role once it became directly involved and it’s most important role was that of bringing the war to an end by destroying one of the main Axis powers, Japan, completely. It is often wondered how The United States Of America reached its position of dominance in the world.And it would not be wrong to link its rise a super power to the result s and events of World War II. The characteristics of super power are firstly having a strong stable economy, secondly overpowering military, thirdly immense international political power and lastly strong national ideology. Before the war America was seen as a great power along with many other powerful strong nations like Russia and Britain. It was only after the war that The United States of America emerged as a strong super power and still holds that position. Even in years before the war America was amongst the largest producers in the world.At that time there was no country that had that immense power over the international system. Britain and France were in imperial decline which caused them to lose their international standing. Although America from the start had a stable economy due to the presence of natural resources like oil and steel. Yet its rise to super power was when it surpassed Europe as a major power. Europe was a part of many large destructive wars that left it co mpletely bankrupt and destroyed most of its infra structure which lead to the fall of Europe.Europe being directly involved in wars like the World War I and World War II left it far behind in the race of super powers. America which was although involved in the World War II faced much less damaged compared to the destruction faced by Europe. Soviet Union also a major power failed in the race of super power because of the damages it faced from the World War II but mainly it dropped out because of the fall of the So that left America as the only dominating power in the world which had a stable and large economy with a huge military advantage and immense power over international matters.America was one of the main Allies in the World War II yet it did not face much destruction like other allies it continued to grow and kept its economy stable. And when the other allies failed to rise up America stood as a strong nation. Even when The United States of America was involved in World War II it was not dragged down like other allies including Britain and Soviet Union. This led to the creation of a super power. A country that before the war was just a great power became a super power. Works Cited Langley, Andrew. Living Through World War II. n. d. Nicola Barber, Ken Hills. Headlines of World War II. n. d.

Deontology: Ethics and Kant Essay

In our world today it is often hard to genuinely decide what in fact is right or wrong. The reason that it is so tough to determine is because of our human nature given everyone has their own opinion. We do not all think the same or think the same actions and consequences have the same effect. It is this reason we analyze situations with ethical theories, such as that of Kant’s deontology. Kant’s theory in its own right has a strong moral foundation in which it seems understandable to decide what is right or wrong. However it has its weakness as well. To me however, I believe Kant’s theory on deontology offers a sound premise for which to determine what is morally right or wrong. Kant’s theory on deontology is a way of assessing one’s actions. One’s actions are either right or wrong in themselves. To determine if actions are right or wrong we do not look at the outcome in deontology. Instead Kant wants us to look at the way one thinks when they are making choices. Kant believes that we have certain moral duties in regards to one’s actions. It is our moral duty that motivates ones to act. Theses actions are driven either by reason or the desire for happiness. Since happiness is differs from person to person, it is conditional. Reason on the other hand is universal and can be applied to all making it unconditional. In Kant’s theory on deontology, actions are either intrinsically right or wrong, which is based largely on reason. Kant says that it is in virtue of being a rational being that we as humans have the capacity to be moral beings. Also that moral law amounts to one’s duty. Kant says duty is grounded in a supreme rational principle, thus it has the form of an imperative. To determine what actions one should take Kant utilized imperatives. Imperatives are a form of instructions that will guide an individual on what one should do. Kant had two classifications between imperatives, hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperatives can apply to one who aspires for a desired outcome. These imperatives allow one  to take an action for the method of obtaining a certain outcome, meaning if one has a desired outcome, then they ought to act. Kant has divided hypothetical imperatives into two subcategories, the imperatives of skill and imperatives of prudence. The imperatives of skill are imperatives that lead to an action in which the end result desired would be anything other than happiness. The imperatives of prudence are imperatives that lead one to actions, where the desired outcome is happiness. Kant believes that morality however is not like this. Morality does not tell one how to act in order to achieve a goal. Instead morality is made up of categorical imperatives. Kant taught that morality is universal, meaning it could be applied to all and moral law must be obeyed. He believed that when we act we are using moral law and act on the maxims, or the universal rules, of our actions. Kant’s categorical imperative states one can â€Å"act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become universal law.† Kant’s uses categorical imperative commands one to take an action. Before one can act they must analyze the principle on which they are acting. Once they have determined why they are acting, it may no longer be ideal, then it is wrong for one to use that maxim as a basis for taking that action. Kant’s principle of morality is the categorical imperative. This means that as an imperative it is a command and being categorical the command has its whole worth with in itself. The categorical imperative doesn’t have some proposed end as in a hypothetical situation, it has its own rational necessity in its justification. Kant’s principle of morality is essential to â€Å"good will.† This is a will that acts for the sake of duty. It is the only thing that is good without qualification. Thus a good will cannot be made better or worse by the result it produces. Good will is also the basis for a major part of Kant’s theory and that is the Universal Law Formula, which is the basis in which Kant uses to determine whether or not things are morally right or wrong. This formula states that one should act in such a way that your maxim could become a universal law of nature. That is if you took your belief or ideal and applied it to the entire world would it hold true and not contradict itself. Kant’s categorical imperative has two formulations included within it, one being the Formula of Universal Law and the other being the Formula of Humanity. The second formulation, The Formula of Humanity, is a principle under the Formula of Universal Law.  Kant’s defines the Formula of Humanity as â€Å"Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.† This formulation states that one’s actions are immoral if it is using a person as a means to an end. It also has to be understood that Kant’s ideals greatly fall on a matter of agency, whether or not you are in fact the one willing an action that causes a negative outcome even if you did so now the result of that action would do more good. Because you took act ion you are the agent that caused a negative outcome. The proposed â€Å"better† outcome has no value towards the morality of your action. Kant’s strengths in his theory are that they can be applied to nature as a whole, thus the universal law formula. His theory doesn’t depend on an individual’s virtues or character. His weakness is that his morality is based on one’s personal action and doesn’t take in to account the outlying consequences that could ultimately benefit from that action. With Kant’s theory I believe we can make a more sound argument as an approach to ethics. With Kant we have to take situations and become very specific with them. We focus on what the action is and universalize it. That way no matter where in the world it can apply to everyone and won’t contradict itself. Then and only then we decided if it is morally right. Also Kant’s theory is good because it leave no grey area with its matter of agency. It doesn’t let possibilities of better or worse consequences affect the morality of the action in question. Thus I believe in all Kant has a more promising approach for ethics.

Aristotles Ethics and Metaphysics

Aristotles Ethics and Metaphysics Aristototles metaphysics The subject ‘Ethics’ owes its origin to the work of Aristotle. The original emphasis was on the question of virtue of personality. According to Aristotle the acquisition of virtue led to a good life (Aristotle 12-14). Generally, Ethics is a topic that chronologically exposes how people should live satisfactory lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle’s Ethics and Metaphysics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, the study was principally associated with the study of politics particularly the issue of law making which looks at how people were brought up. The study looked at this question by studying the community from which the individuals hailed from. Aristotle’s initial response to the question on how best one can live a good life was through a life of philosophy and self-reflection. He looked at the issue of ethics by looking at virtue, the good life , friendship, and political science. Virtue Aristotle is of the view that a virtue makes it possible for a thing to function well. Its function is seen as what it can do or what it emerges best in doing. He uses a sharp knife to explain this idea; a good knife is one that cuts with ease and a sharp knife is most appropriate for that definition. A man’s virtue is his personality that makes him good and which enables his to perform tasks well. For a man to function well, there are many virtues that have to be in place. These virtues may be physical or intellectual (Aristotle 45-47). His arguments are agreeable since the when it comes to the issue of talent; those who are talented in some aspects of life are best suited to their areas of interest. However much a doctor or an engineer is learned, he or she cannot perform the work of a sculptor. It is accurate that specific persons have special abilities to perform functions best than others. That is why we find that doctors who w ere trained in the same institutions over the same period of time differ in their professionalism. There is therefore someone somewhere who can undertake a certain task better than others. He divided this topic into three; moral virtue, continence, patience, and virtue, desert, and the intellectual values. He differentiates moral virtue from natural virtue. Natural virtue is said to be innate while moral virtue is acquired in the course of one’s life. A person may be born brave or calm but moral virtues are necessary to ensure that such a person acts appropriately to arising situations. Moral standards cannot be easily defined hence they have to be determined by good judgment. A good judge should have practical wisdom and should be in a position to judge well in a range of cases. Aristotle overemphasizes on moral virtue which is chiefly concerned with the correct amount of feeling. He overlooks other important factors such as the act of feeling them in the most appropriate ti me, with special reference to the right objects, to the right individuals, with the right intention, and in the correct way. He therefore fails to look at these factors in depth hence erroneous claims.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Virtuous people feel obliged to do good things and they take pleasure in undertaking such tasks without regrets or great effort, on the other hand vicious people take pleasure in doing the wrong things without uncertainty and regrets. In real life situations, to do what is right often calls for great struggle. This is because people prefer using shortcuts when doing something. When one decides to do what is good, no shortcuts can be used in most cases hence more effort is needed. On the other hand, Aristotle is mistaken when he states that those who do wrong are not hesitant and bear no remorse. Human beings have been created in way that unless one’s conscience is dead, then one still has room for remorse during and after doing wrong. He assumes that when studying the nature of virtue, one needs to have the knowledge to distinguish between the voluntary and involuntary situations (Aristotle 78-79). He for instance states that acts that are compulsory make an act to be involuntary. This is agreeable, when students are forced to be in for preps till ten o’clock, they read involuntarily since if they were to be consulted they may prefer waking up early to study and retire to bed early. His view that ignorance or error cannot be excused at all times is true. Sometimes carelessness brings about these errors. In dealing with intellectual virtues, Aristotle is of the view that moral virtues correct that part of the soul that reasons; this part can be controlled (Aristotle 123-134). When looking at the issue from a modern point of view, intellectual values do not reflect morals; the fact that one is a good mathemati cian does not imply that he or she is morally upright. On the other hand, excellence in mathematics can bring about a good life. The modern sense of morals views practical wisdom as the intellectual virtue which happens to be a moral value. He is on point when he points out that practical wisdom enables people to plan well hence choosing avenues that lead to satisfactory outcomes. When one reasons creatively, it becomes possible to predict the outcomes of an incident; one is able to point out the possible threats hence coming up with viable solutions to solve them. The Good Life A good life is defined by considering the main components that define what it entails. These are; the good for man, happiness, production and action, action and contemplation (Aristotle 178-179). The well being of human beings is determined by one’s ability to actively take part in activities in accordance to human virtues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle’s E thics and Metaphysics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This means that for a human being to exist well, he or she should undertake tasks well with special reference to the specifications of individual tasks. This is what he covers in the good for man. Each job category has its own rules and for man to perfect his or her duties, the rules that are specified in such jobs have to be followed. Failure to follow these rules can result in unexpected outcomes. A happy life is one that a sensible judge can consider fortunate, it takes more than a happy state of mind to attain a good life. He hits the nail on the head by stating that factors that bring about a happy life are both external and internal, an internal factor such as courage is necessary when it comes to taking risks while an internal factor such as thinking enables one to make wise decisions. A happy person is evidently one who acts in accordance to the set rules in any task being undert aken. Under production and action Aristotle states that it is impossible to spend the entire time in undertaking actions that suit one’s needs only. At some point one is involved in producing products that will be of use to the community. For instance, industries that produce farming tools do so to make sales and get profits, farmers buying such tools will use them to produce crops which will in turn be sold and consumed. Three subjects will have gained from this, the industry, the farmers and the consumers. Action and contemplation emphasizes that a good life is as a result of intellectual activity. Clearly, happiness is attained following a combination of many factors. Intellectual activity leads to production and not necessarily happiness. Research has shown that leisure can be termed as the activity that brings about happiness; it however calls for hard work which can only be attained through intellectual capacity. With proper reasoning, one is able to put knowledge into practice hence bringing about satisfying results. One’s intellectual capability indirectly leads to happiness through the chain of events involved. Friendship His main argument here is that friendship is an essential ingredient to good life. It is defined as a virtue that is necessary for livelihood. The presence of friends makes one to make the right choices and to act right. It is seen as a bond that holds states together and with it, justice prevails (Aristotle 260-262). Aristotle chiefly discusses friendship between men since he fails to mention women. Basing arguments on his definition of friendship as the outcome of an impulse of respect and welfare, then his arguments are agreeable. The fact that he specifies what kind of friendship he discusses in his arguments, then one can confidently second him. His definition can be used to mean true friends who can go an extra mile to protect their friends. Although such kinds of friends are rare, the few that one may have can fi t well in Aristotle’s definition.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political Science A good life propels a state to survive. By this, he means that ethics are superior to political science and not the other way round. For one to determine the most appropriate form of a state, he or she should first define a good life. He sees citizens as a team of friends. He argues that the outcome of a political activity has nothing to do with the production of external goods or military supremacy (Aristotle 166-167). To some extent, his argument is agreeable; the most important function of a state is to unite people in the entire region. When there is turmoil in a given state, it is the work of the state to bring about calm. Political, social, and economical prosperity are the elements that make up a good life. Aristotle’s central idea is ethics and a good life. Ethics is seen as a main determinant of a good life. The absence of ethics indicates a bad life. Is this always the case? The answer is a big NO. It is important to note that provided that one has peace of mind, it does not matter how the person acquired the good life. The issue of abortion has been a contentious issue that has given rise to debates, whether one decides to undergo the operation depends on how one sees the life after. If one feels that she is not economically or psychologically prepared to bring forth a baby, then opting to undergo the operation would lead to a good life than if the child was born and suffer due to lack of enough money for upbringing. Aristototles metaphysics The subject matter of metaphysics bears various definitions according to Aristotle. The definitions include the study of being qua being, wisdom, or theology. He proposes that men expect to use wisdom to deal with causes and principles of issues affecting them. Wisdom is evidently necessary when it comes to dealing with life’s issues since wise people always dwell on facts rather than what they assume to be true. They do not experiment with the truth since it is already establishe d. With wisdom, one can make the right choices hence it becomes easy to deal with issues. He carefully studies these causes and principles in his work. He believes that the best thing to do before dealing with a situation is to inquire other people’s opinions (Aristotle 204). The idea of assessing previous opinions by others is logical since in most cases people build their conclusion from original work. This enables one to point out the strengths and the weaknesses of those opinions hence excluding the latter from the newly formulated ideas. He uses the word ‘qua’ to mean roughly in this subject (Aristotle 26-30). He makes a clear distinction between things that are familiar to us from those that are familiar to themselves. Here, emphasis is on the importance of having a clear understanding of things that are familiar to us and later attempt to study those that seem unfamiliar (Aristotle 98-102). This holds true for most of the subjects studied in schools. It is customary to start from the known to the unknown. Detectives start by uncovering the evident facts before uncovering the culprits. It would be hard to try and solve a mathematic problem without basics such as the formula and the steps that have to be followed in solving the problem; this is made easier if one is aware of the relationships between the different variables. Researchers need to have a good understanding of the problem before setting out to conduct their research work. Generally, the starting point of anything has to be effected by what is already known to the people. Philosophy is seen as one among many fields that studies beings. Mathematics and natural sciences also study the same but using different approaches. For a natural scientist, beings are studied as things that are controlled by nature. A mathematician will study beings in measurable and countable terms (Aristotle 201-206). Most of the subjects that are studied at school indeed study beings. Most of the topi cs will focus on the effect that a factor has on people, or how people affect a certain factor. His claims can therefore be confirmed since most studies revolve around human beings and the immediate environment. Philosophy therefore studies the causes and principles of substances just like other fields. One thing that comes out clear is that the study of beings is done in different degrees in individual fields. Substances are regarded as unique and independent things that can stand on their own. Items that form other categories are seen to depend on substances when it comes to giving an account of certain aspects in them. This, he says makes the non-substances to exist thanks to the presence of the substances (Aristotle 221-223). A unit measure of quantity such as a kilogram owes its origin to the existence of a measurable substance like sugar or salt. That is why we say ‘a kilogram of sugar or salt’ the ‘of’ in this case acts as a determinant that brings o ut the relationship between the two variables indicating that sugar is the independent variable. A house is also an independent variable. People depend on it for shelter; the house does not depend on people since it can survive without people. People on the other hand need houses to shelter them from bad weather; they may contract diseases if they are exposed to the harsh weather. Items like color are found in bodies and not vice versa. Items within a given category are also seen to have a relationship. He uses the term ‘said of’ to show that there is a relationship that exists between items in a single category. Man is seen to depend on animals and at the same time animals depend on man for existence. Both man and animal depend on a particular substance for their existence. This can hold true for some instances in life, man will depend on cow for milk and at the same time the cow will depend on man for food. Both man and the cow will depend on the weather. When it is r ainy, man will provide the food adequately but when the weather is bad, then food will be less hence the cow may not provide as much milk. The fundamental nature of a thing is how it is defined with respect to itself. He holds that when it comes to definitions, one should define the subject not words. By this he means that when it comes to defining a tiger, we should not go ahead and define the word, we should bring out the main characteristics of a tiger. The definition of any object should therefore present the essence or the characteristics that have to be in place for an animal to be regarded as a tiger. This notion is justified since when giving definitions the main characteristics of an object have to stand out for the definition to be comprehensive. When defining an insect for instance, qualities like the number of body parts and compound eyes have to be considered. The complexity of the words used in defining an object are not as important as the contents which are expected to comprehensively bring out the main characteristics of the object in question. If definitions can be given for items regardless of their category then these items have essence (Aristotle 27). In giving definition about an item, its function is also brought out. In the same way that there is an essence of man, there is also an essence of color white. Each part of a machine is an item that performs certain functions. Its presence plays a role in ensuring that the machine functions well. It is important to note that however small some things may look, they are part and parcel of the whole and it would be impossible to function without them. Despite the fact that there is a large variety of colors, some colors simply fit in some places than others. According to him, when it comes to discussing primary things as a topic on its own, then we are indirectly touching on its essence. This is because the main ideas that are likely to stem out here are its function and its main components. Th e in depth discussion focuses on the ‘something’ as a whole. When tackling the issue of food, the definition will definitely bring out the function that food plays in our day to day life, further; looking at the different types of food and their function further exposes the essence of the parts that make the whole. Although, the precise implication of this claim has brought about controversy, it is evident that Aristotle’s arguments are agreeable in as far as the essence of a substance is concerned. The main ideas presented by Aristotle in this argument are valid. This argument is brought out well when he tackles the issue off substance and definition. If we have a definable substance X having a part Y as a component, then the definition of X will include a certain quality of X say Z, Z in this case is an indirect definition of Y. The proposition of using a method of division in definitions where one begins by considering the genus from which the species to be de fined is found is justifiable. If one was to define a butterfly for instance, the first thing would be to look the characteristics that are common to all insects, as one moves from the broadest division, the characteristics of the butterfly are brought out hence contributing to the overall definition. In each of the divisions, there are certain qualities that differentiate the species. Conclusion Aristotle’s arguments on ethics are not fully justified. Some of the arguments leave unanswered questions to which answers have not been provided yet. The arguments mainly focus on the role that ethics play in as far as a good life is concerned. To live a good life, one needs to follow the specifications of a given tasks so as to attain the desired results. He overemphasizes on the role that ethics play in politics and other sectors of life. The subject of metaphysics brings out reality and arguments that are valid. Aristotle’s arguments about substances and essence are justif iable and one can easily relate them to everyday experiences, this does not however disregard his arguments concerning ethics. The latter is also applicable but some of the issues that he presents are controversial. In metaphysics, Aristotle presents his arguments in a chronological and a comprehensive manner hence the arguments can be easily understood. He can therefore be credited for his standpoints and his intellectual capacity to bring out logical definitions at a time when the resources were scarce. In comparison, the subject of metaphysics appears to have been tacked well and in a professional manner than that of ethics. The main reason for this is because most of the ideas presented in metaphysics are applicable in the modern world. Aristotle. The Nicomachean ethics of Aristotle. New York: Taylor Francis, 1954. Pp. 12-262. Aristotle. Aristotles Metaphysics. New Jersey: Clarendon Press, 1958. Pp. 26-223

New Service Development Essay Essay Example

New Service Development Essay Essay Example New Service Development Essay Essay New Service Development Essay Essay New Service Development (NSD) Essay The difference between the new product development process (NPD) and the new service development process (NSD) is the involvement of customers in services. A service is an intangible good that relies and focuses heavily on customer involvement and experience. Four main characteristics of services outlined by Alam Perry (2002) are intangibility, heterogeneity, perishability and inseparability and it is because of these characteristics that the NSD and NPD process differ. Whilst extensive research has been carried out in the area of NPD, little attention has been paid to the specifics of NSD. Three key issues have been outlined by Alam and Perry (2002). The first issue is that little effort has been made to propose NSD models. Only two linear NSD models have been proposed however neither address important stages such as the development of the cross-functional team or parallel processing which leads to cycle time reduction. Secondly there is limited knowledge of the nature of the NSD stages in service firms and how they are to be managed. Finally Alam and Perry highlighted that many firms don’t realise the importance of the customer because they do not obtain information or involve them in their NSD process. The role of the customer in a service is the most crucial. Unlike a mass produced product, a service is an experience, which involves a heterogenic interaction between the customer and the service provider. A service is more flexible than a product and able to meet the changing needs of the customer more quickly. In order to be successful, services need to meet the customers’ individual needs hopefully leaving a positive impression on the customer. Services are continually evaluated by the customer, with the customer evaluating the sum of its parts; if one area performs poorly, then the whole service results in a low evaluation. This is why feedback at every stage of the service is essential. Feedback allows the service provider to identify areas that need development in order to improve the customers’ next experience. With this in mind Alam and Perry (2002) suggest a NSD process that is customer orientated, involving the customer in all stages of the NSD process outlined in the below table. Alam and Perry (2002) propose 2, 10 stage NSD models, one linear and one parallel. The model incorporates the key stages of idea generation, idea screening and the development of a cross-functional team. By providing a parallel model, Alam and Perry offer a NSD process that suggest stages that can be carried out concurrently in order to fast track development. Such a process is very useful in the development of services where speed is essential due to threats of competitor replication (service ideas cannot be patented). In contrast, the NPD process is much slower (whilst speed is still important) it is essential that the product be perfected before it is launched. Products are able to be patented whilst service ideas are not which is why the element of speed is a differentiating factor between the NSD and NPD process. However they still suggest a sequential, linear model which would result in a more thorough NSD process to be carried out. The appropriateness of each model depends on individual circumstances. When developing a new service it is belived that customer orientation creates superior customer value and service quality inevitably enhancing customer satisfaction. This highlights the necessity of involving the customer at each stage of the NSD process as Alam and Perry (2002) suggest in their model. Additionally, service delivery personnel are in the best position to receive feedback from the customer because they are in actual contact with the customers. Crawford Di Benedetto (2011) recommend that service delivery personnel be involved in the concept generation phase whereby they can provide real-life insight, identifying problem areas and offer their solutions. This is similar to the NPD stage of problem based ideation, whereby they discover and analyse the problem in order to fix it. However Because new services are much easier to implement than the generation of an entire product, the NSD process is much faster with a constant flow of ideas able to be developed. service design/development stages? Alam and Perry (2002) ‘Customers input in new service development process’ | New Service development Stage| Activities performed by customers| Strategic planning| Feedback on financial data| Idea generation| State needs, problems and their solution, criticise xisting service; identify gaps in the market; provide a wish list; state new service adoption criteria| Idea screening| Suggest rough sales guide and market size; suggest desired benefits and attributes; show reactions to the concepts; liking; preference and purchase intent of all concepts; help producer with go/no go decision| Business analysis| Limited feedback on financial da ta, including profitability of the concepts, competitors data| Formation of cross functional team| Join top management in selecting team members| Service design and process system design| Review and jointly develop the blue prints; suggest improvements by identifying fail points; observe the service delivery trial by the firm personnel| Personnel training| Observe and participate in mock service delivery process; suggest improvements| Service testing and pilot run| Participate in a simulated service delivery processes; suggest final improvements and design change| Test marketing| Comments on the marketing plan, detailed comments about their satisfaction of marketing mixes; suggest desired improvements| Commercialization| Adopt the service as a trial; feedback about overall performance of the service along with desired improvements, if any; word of mouth communications to other potential customers| In Conclusion the NSD process is a process that should be intertwined with the custome r, treating the customer as a partner in their quest for better services. Customer involvement is needed to develop a superior service with better value for customers. It is suggested that a sequential and linear process should be used unless time restraints call for a parallel process where stages can be carried out concurrently. Managers should strive to develop services that match customer needs.

Business-writing radio launched - Emphasis

Business-writing radio launched Business-writing radio launched Free podcasts offer expert help with writing reports, proposals, emails and more A new source of free help is at hand for anyone who has ever grappled with writing a make or break proposal or report, or wondered how best to handle sensitive customer correspondence. It comes in the shape of a series of podcasts that give expert advice on how to improve your business-writing skills. The podcasts, called Write On, offer help with everything from creating effective reports and proposals to writing speeches and emails. The high-quality programmes have been produced by leading business-writing trainers Emphasis and are presented by BBC radio presenter Clare McDonnell. They offer a wealth of practical tips and advice, as well as interviews with executives from major public and private-sector organisations about the latest thinking on business writing. They are just one of the many resources available on the Emphasis website that enable everyone to access business-writing advice, free of charge, in their own time. Companies can lose millions of pounds every year through poorly written proposals or badly worded customer service letters, explains Rob Ashton, Emphasis Chief Executive. But often people dont know how to improve their written work and may not want to admit publicly that they struggle with writers block or grammar, for instance. The beauty of the podcasts is that you acan listen to them in private, anywhere improving your writing skills even while travelling to work, for example. The podcasts are available to download here, where users can subscribe through iTunes or RSS feed to automatically receive each show as its released. They play equally well on an iPod or computer. Press enquiries For more information, please contact us 01273 738 888 or email us here. For information on training courses or to access free online resources, visit emphbootstrap.wpengine.com. Notes for editors Emphasis Training Ltd are the UKs leading business-writing trainers, providing bespoke courses for a huge range of private and public sector organisations, both in the UK and internationally. Since 1998, they have helped thousands of people in government departments, law firms, blue-chip companies, universities and charities to produce first-class business writing. With headquarters in Brighton, East Sussex, Emphasis have a dedicated team of experienced, specialist trainers who run bespoke courses on-site for organisations across the UK. They also run open courses for smaller groups or individuals throughout the year in London.

FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF AC High Voltages UNDERGROUND CABLES AND SOLUTIONS Research Paper

FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF AC High Voltages UNDERGROUND CABLES AND SOLUTIONS ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES - Research Paper Example I also looked at the formation of water trees in the plastic insulation and how both mechanical and chemical forces trigger them. Besides, charges can also lead to the formation of water trees. After a thorough analysis of fault detection techniques, I settled on two of them. They first one is the magnetic amorphous magneto†resistive concentric†neutral probing. The next method is the radio frequency test† point injection. The magnetic technique can detect a fault from an average distance of 90 feet. Underground cables have been in use for a long time in power distribution networks due to the advantages associated with underground connections. These cables are friendly to the environment, are not interrupted by adverse weather conditions, are less expensive for shorter distances and have got low maintenance costs. The disadvantages of these cables are that they are more expensive than overhead lines, have low power transferring capacity, are likely to get permanently damaged and fault location in underground cables is also difficult. Faults in underground cables are divided into two general groups that are permanent and incipient faults. Incipient faults develop from aging of insulation material that can be caused by chemical pollution, electrical overstress, severe environmental conditions and mechanical factors. Incipient faults gradually turn into permanent faults. Fault location is important in ensuring that distribution networks remain reliable as the restoration will be quick, so that power outage time is reduced. The cost of repair will also be low if a fault is located and corrected promptly. This research majorly studies how faults can be diagnosed in AC high voltage underground cables and the possible solution techniques for the faults. Some objectives must be achieved to realize this goal. The first objective is to establish the distinction between underground

Development of modern educational system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development of modern educational system - Essay Example But I decided to help him out. He knows he is smart enough to even beat others. He worked so hard at reading, but it just never gets easier. Astutely observing his tribulations, his problem came out as 'Dyslexia'. Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. [cite this] Dyslexic children seem to have trouble learning early reading skills, problems hearing individual sounds in words or phrases, examining whole words or sentences in parts, and amalgamating sounds into words. Sometimes they may not differentiate between the letters "b" and "d". The words and sentences seem to them as if they are mingling together or overlapping each other or even moving on the page. It can also be innate in some families; even a number of genes may develop dyslexia. These students are easily being teased, even neglected in social or educational institutions. Though some may have remarkable talents in art, athletics, architecture, graphics, d rama, music, or engineering but they do not realize because of their shyness [cite this]. The vital thing is to help these children in muddling through and providing 'inclusive' education to all schools and colleges. Baroness Warnock (2005) advocated the idea of 'inclusive' education and schools by transferring the students, with special needs, to mainstream schools from special educational institutions. The questionnaires design... The questionnaires designed to scrutinize analysis are very accommodating and helpful to get awareness of their approaches to learn, for the students as well as teachers. Sufficient rigorous ways for setting the more quantitative outcome are obligatory and reliable ascriptions made to the intrusions. Changes found could provoke the factors, such as incentive-ness, self-esteem, sense of worth, and concentration by teachers and it is important to control for as many (Martimore, 2005). So many arguments and actions in the area of 'inclusion' have been focused on altering mainstream schools to comprise pupils who have restrained learning difficulties or any disabilities. The focal point is clearly on learning obscurities as being at the interface between the pupil, teacher and curriculum. Individual program plans should never be taught in isolation [needs citation]. It is a fact that these children will be there and that they are entitled to our attention and the same standard of education as any other child in a class. Challenging behavior can be viewed as an annoyance and source of irritation in the classroom, or as an opportunity to develop new skills and understandings about teaching and learning. 'If a child does not learn the way you teach then teach him the way he learns.' (Chasty, 1999) Some of the main hindrances in achieving inclusive education system were the stringency present in the current education system. The SENCo-Forum, Special Educational Needs Action Programme, mentioned some of the rigidities in achieving inclusive system in educational environments (NASEN, 2004). Inclusive education needs the expert staff levels to meet the

Gods and Goddesses paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gods and Goddesses - Research Paper Example There are many similarities found in comparing the various mythologies. A study into the Greek Mythology throws light in the civilizations of the Ancient Greek. Greek mythology is one of the largest collections of mythical stories in the world which lays vastly from representational arts like vase-painting to epics and poems. Greek god Zeus is depicted in many of the mythological stories. Iliad and Odyssey, the oldest epic poems of Homer involve the myths based on the events around the Trojan War. The evidence of the origin of Indian Mythology can be traced out from the period of 2000-1000 B.C. The Aryan history and their celebration about the nature are depicted in the hymns of Rig Veda, written in those days. They had special respect for air, earth water and converted them and worshiped them as their Vedic Gods like Agni, Vayu and Surya. The epics or called the two Itihasas the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, written in the Vedic period speak about the heroes of Vedic period who grad ually turned out to be Gods. The characters in them reflected the enmities between Gods and demons and the struggles between good and evil principles. Coming to the Chinese myths, they were passed down from ancestors orally or written which involve huge collection of folktales, cultural history, and religions.

COCA-COLA's CSR (Corporative Social Responsibility) Coursework

COCA-COLA's CSR (Corporative Social Responsibility) - Coursework Example This particular Coca Cola plant in North India also did not care to solicit formal permission documents from the appropriate ground water management authorities. It was also found that Coca Cola illegally built this plant on the land owned by Mehdiganj village council (The Guardian, 18 June 2014). This does show that at this particular plant, Coca Cola not only violated fundamental norms underlying a sustainable harvesting of natural resources, but also showed a gross disregard for the interconnections existing between business, community and environment in this particular village (Wheeler 2004, p. 199). This too when the 2011/2012 Sustainability Report released by Coca Cola evinced the company’s commitment to conserve water resources in the communities it operates in and to be sensitive towards the concerns of local communities (Coca Cola 2012). Not only this, but by releasing harmful pollutants and by encroaching over the village council land, Coca Cola also breached the law of the land. It is but evident that such actions of Coca Cola are not only unethical, but also violated the dictates of law. It is strongly recommended that Coca Cola take immediate steps to procure all the necessary documents, certificates and licenses required to operate this plant. The company should also take steps to follow the guidelines issued by the local pollution control authority and make amends for depleting the local water resources. The company should also urgently install all the necessary equipment and technology required to restrain pollutant levels in the effluents released by this plant. Besides, immediate talks need to be initiated with Mehdiganj village council to convey concern for and sensitivity towards the community issues. Steps should be taken to appropriately compensate the village council for its land illegally appropriated by Coca

Development of Legal Protection in EU Courts Dissertation

Development of Legal Protection in EU Courts - Dissertation Example Each established judicial system offers a mechanism for testing the legitimacy of the measures adopted by its respective institutions. In the European Union judicial system, given the democratic deficit as well as the restricted supervisory functions of the European Parliament, it is of the essence that a system be created to control the actions, decisions or privileges enjoyed by the European Union institutions. In this case, the fundamental position rests with the European Union Court of Justice, which is considered as an independent institution charged with defending the rule of law within the Union (Albors-Llorens, 1996).Before the Treaty of Lisbon brought amendments to the European Union, the major procedure in the event of judicial review was provided for in Article 230 EC Treaty, which gave non-privileged applicants the right to directly challenge the unjustifiable acts of the Union’s institutions such as the European Parliament, the Commission, the Council and the Euro pean Union Central Bank. Hypothetically, this previous mechanism stood as the standard judicial review instrument that was open to individuals. However, in reality, the possibility has been limited given its restrictive requirements on the issue of standing conditions for annulment and the strict interpretation of the requirements of individual concern that was adopted by the Court in the Plaumann case (Albors-Llorens, 2003), (Note 1). This means that these possibilities have been restrictive given the nature of the requirements.... This means that these possibilities have been restrictive given the nature of the requirements on the locus standi conditions, which are very strict. Again, hypothetically, they should be the primary channel for individuals to seek when reviewing the EU measures (Parfouru, 2007). The restrictive nature of the action for annulment as well as its strict interpretation by the Court denote a key impediment to access by the non-privileged applicants to the Court contrary to the privileged position enjoyed by the Member States and the EU institutions. This off-putting approach has been at the center of controversy and has been strongly criticized by members of the judiciary and scholars (Note 2). For instance, the adversaries of the system have challenged the approach claiming it violates the principle of effective judicial protection (Gormley, 2006). According to them, such restrictive approach is unfortunate as it leads to denial of justice. This condition is inconsistent with the common constitutional values, including the European Convention on Human Rights and Charter of Fundamental Rights, both of which the EU is based. The action for annulment, as provided for by Article 263 TFEU, is at the focal point of the EU judicial system. Its origin can be traced in the annulment proceedings against the unlawful administrative action as referred as by the Member States’ legal system. The Article allows non-privileged applicants, who may comprise any natural or legal person, to directly challenge the illegal measures. This results from the direct effect, which the EU has with regard to natural and legal persons as well as the Member States. Further, the restrictive locus standi to bring an action for annulment is one of

Political Campaigns and elections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Political Campaigns and elections - Essay Example When we think about the ways in which systems for campaigns and elections--including finance and media--seems to work best and ways in which they fall short of an expected level, we are actually thinking about the socio-political fiber of the country and analyze the system in the light of its political history and values. The system for campaigns and elections including finance and media will differ drastically in societies where democracy is newly introduced as a political system and the societies where it has deep rooted political values and mature democratic culture. However, societies that have mature political culture and have a profound democratic history feed for the system wide changes of political campaigns, elections, finance and media that can be adapted with appropriate changes to suit the socio-political environment of a society. Therefore, the best way to think about the political campaigns and election including finance and media is to study the system in grown-up demo cratic societies that have a known and appreciable democratic system in place for decades. With these thoughts in mind, the system for campaigns and elections—including finance and media I would like to prevail is simple in nature.

Development of Legal Protection in EU Courts Dissertation

Development of Legal Protection in EU Courts - Dissertation Example Each established judicial system offers a mechanism for testing the legitimacy of the measures adopted by its respective institutions. In the European Union judicial system, given the democratic deficit as well as the restricted supervisory functions of the European Parliament, it is of the essence that a system be created to control the actions, decisions or privileges enjoyed by the European Union institutions. In this case, the fundamental position rests with the European Union Court of Justice, which is considered as an independent institution charged with defending the rule of law within the Union (Albors-Llorens, 1996).Before the Treaty of Lisbon brought amendments to the European Union, the major procedure in the event of judicial review was provided for in Article 230 EC Treaty, which gave non-privileged applicants the right to directly challenge the unjustifiable acts of the Union’s institutions such as the European Parliament, the Commission, the Council and the Euro pean Union Central Bank. Hypothetically, this previous mechanism stood as the standard judicial review instrument that was open to individuals. However, in reality, the possibility has been limited given its restrictive requirements on the issue of standing conditions for annulment and the strict interpretation of the requirements of individual concern that was adopted by the Court in the Plaumann case (Albors-Llorens, 2003), (Note 1). This means that these possibilities have been restrictive given the nature of the requirements.... This means that these possibilities have been restrictive given the nature of the requirements on the locus standi conditions, which are very strict. Again, hypothetically, they should be the primary channel for individuals to seek when reviewing the EU measures (Parfouru, 2007). The restrictive nature of the action for annulment as well as its strict interpretation by the Court denote a key impediment to access by the non-privileged applicants to the Court contrary to the privileged position enjoyed by the Member States and the EU institutions. This off-putting approach has been at the center of controversy and has been strongly criticized by members of the judiciary and scholars (Note 2). For instance, the adversaries of the system have challenged the approach claiming it violates the principle of effective judicial protection (Gormley, 2006). According to them, such restrictive approach is unfortunate as it leads to denial of justice. This condition is inconsistent with the common constitutional values, including the European Convention on Human Rights and Charter of Fundamental Rights, both of which the EU is based. The action for annulment, as provided for by Article 263 TFEU, is at the focal point of the EU judicial system. Its origin can be traced in the annulment proceedings against the unlawful administrative action as referred as by the Member States’ legal system. The Article allows non-privileged applicants, who may comprise any natural or legal person, to directly challenge the illegal measures. This results from the direct effect, which the EU has with regard to natural and legal persons as well as the Member States. Further, the restrictive locus standi to bring an action for annulment is one of

Sufficient Staff Training for Prevention and Management of Violence in Research Proposal

Sufficient Staff Training for Prevention and Management of Violence in Acute Inpatient Psychiatric and mental health care Units - Research Proposal Example This essay discusses that over the years, researchers have stressed on the relationship between caregivers and clients. Special consideration to this relationship is given in terms of behavioral health sciences because of the increased potential for aggression with this client population. Mental health caregivers can considerably reduce the number of violent incidents that are more likely to happen in an acute inpatient psychiatric unit. Studies have revealed that healthcare workers including nurses, physicians, psychologists and social workers are likely to experience physical assault or verbal violence from patients in behavioral health units. The amount of violence has increased in various workplaces and researchers such as Rippon have identified exposure to violence as a significant problem for health care professional as well. The need to offer timely staff training programs to the healthcare professions for the prevention and management of violence has been pointed out by such researchers as Doughty; Warshaw & Messite; and Flannery et al. Similarly, the adverse effects and negative consequences of patient violence on the health care workers have also been pointed out by such researchers as Doughty and Stathopoulou. The before and after studies conducted by researchers such as Calabro, Mackey and Williams have also revealed that staff training enhances the knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and behavioral intention of the participants towards violence in the work place.... ers including nurses, physicians, psychologists and social workers are likely to experience physical assault or verbal violence from patients in behavioral health units. The amount of violence has increased in various workplaces and researchers such as Rippon have identified exposure to violence as a significant problem for health care professional as well (Rippon, 2000). The need to offer timely staff training programs to the healthcare professions for the prevention and management of violence has been pointed out by such researchers as Doughty (2005); Warshaw & Messite (1996); and Flannery et al (2000). Similarly, the adverse effects and negative consequences of patient violence on the health care workers have also been pointed out by such researchers as Doughty (2005) and Stathopoulou (2003). The before and after studies conducted by researchers such as Calabro, Mackey and Williams (2002) have also revealed that staff training enhances the knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and b ehavioral intention of the participants towards violence in the work place. Training staff servicing in psychiatric and mental health care units are more likely to experience incidents of violence and therefore it is imperative that further researches are undertaken in this regard to identify how far staff training helps in preventing violence in acute health care units. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the correlation of trained staff working in acute inpatient psychiatric units and the number of violent incidents observed within the milieu. The research aims to give prominence to the need of training which is required to prevent and manage the incidents of violent episodes. This research will be helpful for the population in the medical field including nurses, doctors,